SCIRE meum nihil est, nisi me scire hoc sciat alter, saith the Poet, and I most justly in order to Your Majesty, whose satisfaction is my happiness, and whom to serve is my onely aime, placing therein my Summum bonum in this world: Be therefore pleased to cast Your gracious Eye over this Summary Collection, and then to pick and choose. I confess, I made it but for the superficial satisfaction of a friends curiosity, according as it as set downe, and if it might now serve to give aime to Your Majesty how to make use of my poor Endeavours, it would crowne my thoughts, who am neither covetous nor ambitious, but of deserving Your Majesties favour upon my own cost and charges; yet, according to the old English Proverb, It is a poor Dog not worth whistleing after. Let but Your Majesty approve, and I will effectually perform to the height of my Undertaking: Vouchsafe but to command, and with my Life and Fortune I shall chearfully obey, and maugre envy, ignorance and malice, ever appear

THE LORDS SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL;

And to the KNIGHTS, CITTZENS, AND BURGESSES of the Honourable

House of Commons; NOW assembled in Parliament.

Pardon me if I say (my Lords and Gentlemen) that it is joyntly your parts to digest to His hand these ensuing particulars, fitting them to His palate, and ordering how to reduce them into practice in a way useful and beneficial both to His Majesty and His Kingdom.

Neither do I esteem it less proper for me to present them to you in order to His Majesty's service, then it is to give into the hands of a faithful and provident Steward whatsoever dainties and provisions are intended for the Masters diet; the knowing and faithful Steward being best able to make use thereof to his Masters contentment and greatest profit, keeping for the morrow whatever should be overplus or needless for the present day, or at least to save something else in lieu thereof. In a word, (my Lords and Gentlemen) I humbly conceive this Simile not improper, since you are His Majesty's provident Stewards, into whose hands I commit my self, with all properties fit to obey you; that is to say, with a heart harbouring no ambition, but an endless aim to serve my King and Countrey: And if my endeavours prove effectual, (as I am confident they will) His Majesty shall not onely become rich, but His People likewise, as Treasurers unto Him; and His Pierless Majesty, our King, shall become both belov'd at home, and fear'd abroad; deeming the riches of a King to consist in the plenty enjoyed by His People.

And the way to render him to be feared abroad, is to content his People at home, who then with heart and hand are ready to assist him; and whatsoever God blesseth me with to contribute towards the increase of His Revenues in any considerable way, I desire it may be imployed to the use of His People; that is, for the taking off such Taxes or Burthens from them as they chiefly groane under, and by a Temporary necessity onely imposed on them; which being thus supplied will certainly best content the King, and satisfie His People; which, I dare say, is the continual Tend of alI your indefatigable pains, and the perfect demonstrations of your Zele to His Majesty, and an evidence that the Kingdoms Trust is justly and deservedly reposed in you. And if ever Parliament acquitted themselves thereof, it is this of yours, composed of most deserving and qualified Persons; qualified, I say, with your affection to your Prince, and with a tenderness to His People; with a bountiful heart towards Him, yet a frugality in their behalfs.

Go on therefore chearfully (my Lords and Gentlemen) and not onely our gracious King, but the King of Kings, will reward you, the Prayers of the People will attend you, and His Majesty will with thankful arms embrace you. And be pleased to make use of me and my endeavours to enrich them, not my self; such being my onely request unto you, spare me not in what your Wisdoms shall find me useful, who do esteem my self not onely by the Act of the Water- commanding Engine (which so chearfully you have past) sufficiently rewarded but likewise with courage enabled to do ten times more for the future; and my Debts being paid, and a competency to live according to my Birth and Quality setled, the rest shall I dedicate to the service of our King and Countrey by your disposals: and esteem me not the more, or rather any more, by what is past, but what's to come; professing really from my heart, that my Intentions are to out-go the six or seven hundred thousand pounds already sacrificed, if countenanced and encouraged by you, ingenuously confessing that the melancholy which hath lately seized upon me (the cause whereof none of you but may easily guess) hath, I dare say, retarded more advantages to the pub]ic service than modesty will permit me to utter: And now revived by your promising favours, I shall infallibly be enabled thereunto in the Experiments extant, and comprised under these heads practicable with my directions by the unparallel'd Workman both for trust and skill, (Caspar Kaltoff's hand, who hath been these five-and-thirty years as in a school under me imployed, and still at my disposal, in a place by my great expences made fit for publick service, yet lately like to be taken from me, and consequently from the service of King and Kingdom, without the least regard of above ten thousand pounds expended by me,and through my Zele to the Common good; my Zele, I say, a field large enough for you (my Lords and Gentlemen) to work upon.

The Treasures buried under these heads, both for War, Peace, and Pleasure, being inexhaustible; I beseech you pardon me if I say so; it seems a Vanity, but comprehends a Truth; since no good Spring but becomes the more plentiful by how much more it is drawn, and the Spinner to weave his web is never stinted but further inforc'd. The more then that you shall be pleased to make use of my Inventions, the more Inventive shall you ever find me, one Invention begetting still another, and more and more improving my ability to serve my King and you; and as to my heartiness therein there needs no addition, nor to my readiness a spur. And therefore (my Lords and Gentlemen) be pleased to begin, and desist not from commanding me till I flag in my obedience and endeavours to serve my King and Country.

Yet abstracting from any Interest of my own, but as a Fellow-Subject and Compatriot will I ever labour in the Vineyard, most heartily and readily obeying the least summons from you, by putting faithfully in execution, what your Judgments shall think fit to pitch upon amongst this Century of Experiences, perhaps dearly purchased by me, but now frankly and gratis offered to you. Since my heart (methinks) cannot be satisfied in serving my King and Country, if it should cost them any thing; As I confess when I had the honour to be neare so obliging a Master as His late Majesty of happy memory, who never refused me his Ear to any reasonable motion: And as for unreasonable ones' or such as were not fitting for him to grant, I would rather to have dyed a thousand deaths, then ever to have made any one unto him.

Yet whatever I was so happy as to obtain for any deserving Person, my Pains, Breath and Interest imployed therein satisfied me not, unless I likewise satisfied the Fees; but that was in my Golden Age.

And even now, though my ability and means are shortened, the world knows why my heart remains still the same; and be you pleased (my Lords and Gentlemen) to rest most assured, that the very complacency that I shall take in the executing your Commands shall be unto me a sufficient and an abundantly-satisfactory reward.

Vouchsafe therefore to dispose freely of me, and whatever lieth in my power to perform; first, in order to His Majesty's service; secondly, for the good and advantage of the Kingdom; thirdly, to all your satisfactions, for particular profit and pleasure to your individual selves, professing that in all and each of the three respects I will ever demean my self as it best becomes,

A CENTURY

OF THE

Names and Scantlings

Upon any of thefe Seals a man may keep Accompts of Receipts and difburfments from one Farthing to an hundred millions, punctually fhewing each pound, fhilling, peny or farthing.

By thefe feals likewife any Letter, though written but in Englifh, may be read and undersfood in eight feveral languages, and in Englifh it felf to clean contrary and different fenfe, unknown to any but the Correfpondent, and not to be read or [nor to be] underftood by him neither, if opened before it arrive unto him; fo that neither Threats, nor hopes of Reward, can make him reveal the fecret, the Letter having been intercepted, and first opened by the Enemy. [Seals abundantly-significant.] Under this title the present article is referred to in the " Index," given by the Marquis, at the end of the first edition of his "Century," while the articles themselves are only distinguished by consecutive numerals. Therefore, without deranging the original form of the "Century," the designation of the several articles will appear throughout, as above, at the head of each comment.

The author, never having met with any attempt to elucidate the mechanical arrangement here suggested, communicated a plan that occurred to him in 1829, soon after reading the foregoing, which was as follows:_

A Cipher Seal. Amidst the variety of inventions for giving security to property, few improvements have been made in seals or signets. I shall proceed to describe a cipher seal, which, though not, perhaps, so " abundantly significant" as those described by the Marquis of Worcester, might, nevertheless, be applied to very important uses, inasmuch as the face of the seal may be varied at pleasure.

The position of the dotted line admits of sufficient variety to take in 24 letters, distinct enough to the eye, without increasing the size of the seal. In this alphabet only three variations are supposed to be made from the horizontal and perpendicular, one very slight on either side, the other greater, and the third at an angle of 45_. It only requires a transposition of the letters to produce a correspondence which shall be private between two persons. The use of two faces to the seal is obvious, one serving to compose on, and the other, being a reverse, to make an impression on the wax. Were this not the case, a sentence would have to be written from right to left. Its use might be multiplied by making each cipher refer to an entire word or sentence; as, if a, stood for men; b, for horses; c, food; d, money; and so forth: a mode which it would be next to impossible for any third party to decipher._See Mechanics' Mag. vol. x.

A Cypher and Charactcer so contrived, that one line, without returns and [or-for and.] circumflexes, ftands for each and every of the 24. Letters; and as ready to be made for the one letter as the other.

[An one-line Cypher.] A line to be continuous, and yet capable of signifying a series of letters, must be curved. A method of performing this occurred to the author some years ago, which affords a very simple key, being composed from the Circle and the Ellipsis, and can be, therefore, very readily kept in mind. The first affords only one figure, the second can be varied to one vertical and two inclined figures, and all can be again varied as to size, but for convenience only three gradations are recommended, as four or more would increase the difficulty of writing accurately.

where each is described three-fold, with a horizontal line through the centre. Each figure thus affords three varieties of size above, and three below the line, making six figures each, or twenty-four in all, as curvilinear signs for letters. These taken in rotation, may be extended as above, or in any arbitrary order, and each employed, as in short-hand, to signify letters, syllables, or words. In practice it is only requisite to bear in mind the three gradations of size, so as never to mistake the middle semicircle for the outer ones. This is to be avoided by invariably making the small figure as small as possible, and the greater figure as large as space will permit.

4.

This invention refined, and fo abreviated that a point onely fheweth diftinctly and fignificantly any of the 24. letters; and thefe very points to be made with two pens, fo that no time will be loft, but as one finger rifeth the other may make the following letter, never clogging the memory with feveral figures for words, and combination [combinatione P.] of letters; which with eafe, and void of confufion, are thus fpeedily and punctually, letter for letter, fet down by naked and not multiplied points. And nothing can be lefs then a point, the Mathematical definition of [0f it. MS. and P.] being Cujus pars nulla. And of a motion [motion, equally as swift as semiquavers P. no fwifter imaginable then [than what expresseth even] Semiquavers or Relefhes,yet applicable to this manner of writing.

[Reduced to a Point.] A man of the Marquis of Worcester's ingenious cast of mind could readily have made up the entire " Century" out of these systems of alphabets and secret writing. He may have been acquainted with " Traictá des Chiffres, ou Secretes Manieres d'escrire, par Blaise de Vigenere, Bourbonnois." 4to. Paris, 1586_now very scarce; but indeed there were many learned works on the subject, among which Trithemius's "Libri Polygraphia VI," 1600, was conspicuous. The long disuse of such methods of secretly conveying information, has reduced the cleverest of these systems of Cryptographia in public estimation. But, at the same time, these inventions were quite consistent with the early times in which the Marquis flourished. We shall see, in the next article, what probably illustrates this proposed use of a mere point or dot.

5.

A way by a Circular motion, either along a Rule or Ring-wife, to vary any Alphabet, even this of Points, fo that the felf-fame Point individually placed, without the leaft, additional mark or variation of place, fhall ftand for all the 24. letters, and not for the fame letter twice in ten fheets writing; yet as eafly and certainly read and known, as if it ftood but for one and the felf-fame letter conftantly fignified.

[Varied signifcantly to all the 24. Ietters.] This and the former article may certainly be taken in connection with each other; and the cipher engraved in No. 3, would seem to anticipate the present proposal of " a circular motion along a rule." The " ring-wise" method may have been no more than a substitution for the octagon or any other figure. We fortunately find among the Harleian MS. in the British Museum, No. 2428, a probable clue to this particular method of writing, which we shall give entire. It forms the first portion of the small oblong folio volume containing the Manuscript Century at the end, with many intervening blank pages between them. It is as follows:_

" An explanation of the most exact and most compendious way of short writing. And an example given by way of Questions, and Resolves upon each significant point, proving how, and why, it stands for such and such a letter, in order Alphabetically placed in every page.

" A. Q. How is a point made to signifie an A. Resol. By being placed between the constant center of the square and the right side thereof in a streight line not touching it. [See diagram at the end].

It is proved by drawing a line from the said center towards, and not to touch the right side line, and then you will finde the line placed under an A of the Alphabett in each page.

" B. Q. How is a point made to signifie a B. Res. By being placed between the center of the square, towards the right corner upper angle of the Octagon, or square devided in to eight Angles, not touching the line thereof_

It is proved by drawing an oblique line from the center, towards the right corner upper angle, yett not touching the line thereof, and then you will finde it to bee the line placed under a B, in the Alphabett of each page.

In like manner lett there be a Question, and a Proofe made of all the other Letters in order and you will finde

" C. The C. to bee placed in a streight line from the center upwards, but not arriving to the upper side line of the square. - -

" D. The D. in an oblique line towards the left upper corner line but not touching it.

" E. The E. in a streight line between the center of the left side line, butt not touching it.

" F. The F. in an oblique line downwards, towards the left angle line, butt not touching it.

" G. The G. in a streight line downwards from tile center, likewise towards the lower line of the square not touching it.

" H. The H. in an oblique line downwards towards the right angle line, butt not touching it.

" I. The I. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the right side line.

" K. The K. in an oblique line from the center to the right upper angle touching it.

" L. The L. in a streight line from the center upwards, and touching the upper line.

"M. The M. in an oblique line from the center towards the left upper corner line touching it.

" N. The N. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the left side line.

" O. The 0. in an oblique line from the center downwards, towards the left corner touching the line thereof.

" P. The P. in a right line from the center downwards touching the lower side line.

" Q. The Q. in an oblique line downwards towards the right corner touching the line thereof.

" R. The R. in a streight line from the center to the outside, and furthest line of the right midle and opposite chequer touching it.

" S. The S. in an oblique line from the center, and passing the right upper corner line.

" T. The T. in a streight line from the center and passing the upper-side line of the square.

"V. The V. in an oblique line from the center upwards passing the left upper corner line.

" W. The W. in a streight line from the centre to the left outside and furthest line of the left midle and opposite chequer.

" X. The X. in an oblique line downwards passing the left lower corner line.

" Y. The Y. in a streight line downwards passing the lower side or bottome line.

" Z. The Z. in an oblique line downwards passing the right corner line of the square.

" The Chequers are five in number, which of either outside show the vowells, and each Chequer haveing two corners inwards of each side make tenn, those towards the preceding square may conteyne of the 24 letters, and the opposite corners as many Alphabetically, and the centers of the two upper Chequers square, and of the two Iower shew the other 4 letters; The 20 in the Chequers are noted by a separation of a corner in the printed Alphabett, and the 4 by the midde points. _

"It is for curiosity and secresy to bee deservedly observed that whether in squares or chequers single points only stand for letters, and they being varyed att pleasure, it is in any ones power to keepe his secrets from me or any other not made acquainted with the denominations by him given to the several! points, and accordingly by him marked in the 24 blank squares, and rowes of chequers placed under the Alphabett in his private explanation easily to be framed by him mutatis mutandis, only that is making the questions and resolves according to his points as they represent the letters to his owne fancy keept private from others without his consent.

"The points are to bee written, and reade as they precede, or as they are the one above the other, unlesse they have a sequell distinction made by takeing the penn of the paper thus without further losse of tyme, and such as are soe marked, must be written and read as the others they being soe made, but for husbanding of paper, the word being soe conteyned in lesse roome, the e at the end of most words prolonging butt the sillable, and all needlesse and unsounding letters are to bee omitted; I will not trouble you with more rules leaving the rest to practice."

The preceding description is written on small oblong pages, which measure 11 1/4 by 7 1/4 inches, the whole surface of the unwritten portions being covered with an engraved pattern, of which Fig. 1 is but a portion of

the top left-hand corner, and therefore proceeds no further than letter h, which ends the application of that particular figure.

Fig. 2. Gives the next form for 8 other similar situations, commencing at i. And_
Fig. 3. Is again 8 more, commencing at r; making in all 24 characters or letters. We thus see how, whether by a dot, or a short line of three gradations in length, an entire alphabet may be obtained.

On page 180 of " The Life of the Marquis of Worcester," is the facsimile of a letter written by his Lordship about 1646-7, apparently adopting this very cipher. It occurs in a volume, entitled " Carte Papers, 1634-57. Ireland, No. 63," in the Bodleian Library.

It is worth remarking here, that the foregoing description, with its accompanying brass-plate engravings, looks exceedingly like an instalment of his promise, conveyed to us in the concluding lines of the 100th Article.

How at a Window, far as Eye can difcover [discern] black from white, a man may hold difcourfe with his Correfpondent, without noife made or notice [noise-for, notice.P.] taken; being, according to occafion given and means afforded, Ex re natâand no need of Provifion before-hand; though much better if forefeen, and means prepared for it, and a premeditated courfe taken by mutual confent of parties.

7.

[A mute and perfect discourse by colours.]

These two may be ranked as the same system, the one used by day, the other illuminated to be conspicuous at night. As early as 1658, John Baptista Porta, in his " Natural Magick," entitled the last chapter of his 16th Book, " By night we may make signs by fire."

We have here a simple system of telegraphy, the only examples afforded by the " Century," of this particular mode of correspondence.

8.

[To Level Cannons by Night.] In 1587 was published, " The Arte of shooting in great Ordnaunce," by William Bourne. Among other matters in the table of contents are the following:_

" The 10th Chapter showeth how to mount a mortar piece, for to lay the shot at any distance appointed.

" The 13th Chapter is, how to give level at a mark upon a hill or valley with a quadrant.

" The 24th Chapter is, how for to batter the walls of any town' as well by night as by day.

" The 25th Chapter doth declare how to plant ordnance by night, to batter the walls of any town, or displace any ordnance in any bulwarks, or any such other like, as well by night as by day." And_

" The 26th Chapter doth declare how for to keep a haven, or river, on the sea coast, for to sink a ship, as well by night as by day in all points."

On the subject of levelling great guns, Fludd's "Historia Macrosmi," 1618, would afford abundant suggestions, with three copper-plate engravings, showing the operation of using the quadrant.

An Engine, portable in ones: Pocket, which may be carried and faftened on the infide [the side] of the greatest Ship, Tanquam aliud agens, and at any appointed minute, though a week after, either of day or night, it fhall irrecoverably fink that Ship.

[A Ship-destroying Engine.] In l578, William Bourne, in his "Inventions or Devices," had in the 17th article, suggested, " How for to sink a ship that hath laid you aboard, without shooting of ordnance."

And again in his "Arte of shooting in great ordnance," published in 1587, the 56th Chapter, suggests a mode " to sink a ship."

The whole passage in the " Century" is abundantly obscure. The smallness of the Engine suggests some explosive missile, connected with clock-work, as the only means to insure its being compact and operating on a precise day at a stated point of time. But his inventive faculty once stimulated, even by the notices of Bourne, would speedily lead him to many ingenious contrivances.

[How to be fastened from aloof and under water.] The wording of this article so far differs from the title as to allude only to diving, or a kind of submarine navigation, but gives no intimation of the fastening " aloof ;" so that this latter may refer to any part of the ship's sides above her water-line.

" Mersennius," observes Bishop Wilkins, " doth largely and pleasantly descant concerning the making of a ship, wherein men may safely swim under water." He further declares, that " such a contrivance is feasible, and may be effected, is beyond all question, because it hath been already experimented here in England by Cornelius Dreble." He next considers various schemes, and mentions as one of the advantages of such a submarine vessel, that, "It may be of very great advantage against a navy of enemies, who by this means may be undermined in the water and blown up."_Math. Magick, 1648, p. 178.

Among the Sloane MSS. No. 4159, in the British Museum, is one for a means of destroying an entire fleet with one ship. It is endorsed, " A proposition sent to Mr. Augier, from Paris," and the following is a copy:_ " A person who makes profession of honour, and saith he hath had the good [fortune?] to have been known of Sir Oliver Flemming during his public employments abroad, doth propound to a friend of yours that by a secret he hath he can, with one ship alone, break what naval army or fleet, &c."

In 1596, the celebrated John Napier, of Merchiston, wrote a statement of four " Secret Inventions," concluding with the remark: "These inventions, besides devices of sailing under the water, with divers other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by the grace of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform." The original MS. anno 1596, is in the Lambeth Library, No. 658.

There is an article in Tilloch's " Philosophical Magazine," Vol. 18, for 1804, reviewing a Memoir of Lord Napier of Merchiston. On his device for sailing under water, the writer observes:_" The famous Dutch philosopher, Cornelius Drebell, the reputed inventor of the microscope and the thermometer, constructed for James I. a subaqueous vessel, which he tried on the Thames, and which carried twelve rowers, besides some passengers, for whom the effete air was again rendered respirable by a liquor, the composition of which Drebell never would communicate to more than one person, and that person told Mr. Boyle what it was." The Marquis, might, likewise, even be acquainted with Napier's statement of his secret inventions.

Evelyn, in his Diary, informs us on the 1st of August 1666, " I went to Dr. Keffler, who married the daughter of the famous chymist, Drebbell, inventor of the bodied scarlet." On which his editor, Mr. Bray, remarks, " Cornelius Van Drebbell, born at Alkmaar, in Holland, in 1572; but in the reign of Charles I. settled in London, where he died in 1634. He was famous for other discoveries in science_the most important of which was the thermometer. He also made improvements in microscopes and telescopes; and though, like many of his scientific contemporaries, something of an empiric, possessed a considerable knowledge of chemistry, and of different branches of natural philosophy."_Diary, vol. ii. p. 9.

Pepys, in his Diary, under date the 14th of March, 1662, says: " This afternoon came the German, Dr. Knuffler, to discourse with us about his engine to blow up ships. We doubted not the matter of fact, it being tried in Cromwell's time, but the safety of carrying them in ships; but he do tell us, that when he comes to tell the King his secret, for none but the Kings, successively, and their heirs must know it, it will appear to be of no danger at all."_Pepys' Diary, ed. 1858, vol. i. p. 264.

Dr. Robert Hooke, in his " Philosophical Collections," published in 1679, has " an account of Jo. Alphon. Borellius's De Mo. Animalium," two volumes quarto, containing, among other things, " A way to make a submarine vessel, whereby several persons may pass together from place to place under wate, accommodated with two ways to move it to and fro, and to make it rise and sink in the water, &c. It is supposed it may be much like that which Mersennus long since published."

The American engineer, Robert Fulton, turned his attention to this subject, end published " Torpedo War, and Sub-marine Explosions," 4to. New York, 1810.

[How to prevent both.] Some armour or alarum is probably proposed, which should be either invulnerable, or when struck indicate the presence of the enemy's "portable pocket engine," intended "irrecoverably to sink the ship ;" not by merely perforating a single hole, but by a powerful disruptive explosion, rending asunder all the timbers. But the whole passage is so abundantly obscure that all opinion on the matter goes for very little.

[An unsinkable Ship.] As early as 1583, appeared " A Note of sundry sorts of Engines," without the author's name. The 20th and last of these is:_"To preserve a boat from drowning and the people that be therein." See J. O. Halllwell's Rara Mathematica.

Considering the state of ship-building in 1655, the foregoing plan must have been some very primitive scheme; but, rendering vessels unsinkable, has long been a favourite subject with inventors.

How to make fuch false Decks as in a moment fhould kill and take prifoners as many as fhould board the Ship, without blowing the [the real] Decks up, or deftroying them from being reducible, and in a quarrer [read quarter] of an hours time fhould recover their former fhape, and be made fit for any imployment without discovering the fecret.

[Multiplied strength in Iittle room.] We shall have to allude to the ambiguous use of the word " force" in the same sentence, as indicating " strength, power, &c." or, " a pump, or pump plunger," in John Bate's, and other old works on mechanics. Now if we were to read this, " How to bring the force [or plunger of a pump] to weigh up an anchor, &c., and many hands applicable to the same force [or pump], &c."_we should have a statement strongly indicating the modern contrivance of the hydraulic press. The concluding portion of the sentence only serves to strengthen this suggestion. See " force" used in No. 21.

In 1594, Edmund Jentill, writing to Lord Burghley, mentions, as his fourth invention:_" A devise whereby two men may be sufficient to weigh the weightiest anchor in her Majesty's navy, with greater expedition than it is now done with the number now used." Also, " The like device is found for the hoisting of the mainyard with the like expedition."_MS. Lansdown, 113, Art. 4: and, " Letters on Scientific Subjects," edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 8vo. 1841.

A way [a way-omitted] how to make a Boat work it felf againft Wind and Tide, yea both without the help of man or beaft; yet [but-for yet] fo that the Wind or Tide, though direftly oppofite, fhall force the Ship or Boat againft it felf; and in no point of the Compafs, but it fhall be as effectual, as if the wind were in the Pupp,[poop.P.] or the ftream actually with the courfe it is to fteer, according to which the Oars shall row, and neceffary motions work and move towards the defired Port or point of the Compats.

[A Boat driving against wind and tide.] The wording of this article is varied as follows in the MS. of certain of his Inventions. See Appendix A. He therein states:_

" By this (his quintessence of motion), I can make a vessel, of as great burden as the river can bear, to go against the stream; which, the more rapid it is, the faster it shall advance. And the moveable part that works it, may be, by one man, still guided, to take the best advantage of the stream; and yet to steer the boat to any point. And this engine is applicable to any vessel or boat, whatsoever, without being, therefore, made on purpose; and work these effects:_It roweth; it draweth; it driveth, if need be, to pass London bridge against the stream, at low water. And a boat lying at anchor, the engine may be used for loading or unloading."

He made this invention one of the four subjects in his Patent of 1661 (see Appendix B), which again varies the reading; but this last plainly indicates the motive power as having been a mill. He proposes in his patent specification:_" To mate a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass which way soever the stream runs or wind blows, and yet the force of the wind or stream causeth its motion, nothing being required but a steersman; and whilest the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the stream or wind shall perform such work as any water-mill or wind-mill is capable of."

Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, there is an Italian book of sketches on parchment, No. 3281, attributed to the 15th century, entitled, " Delineationes Machinarum ;" from one of the pen and ink drawings of which the annexed engraving is a reduced copy. It is a paddle boat of a very primitive form, to be operated by men working at two crank handles. The Marquis seems to have had a very similar idea, only employing the mechanical arrangements of a suitable wind or water-mill. .

ln that fine work, " Vitruvia de Architectura," folio, Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by paddles, worked by animal - power; therefore, so far as such a mode of propulsion is concerned, paddle-wheels are of very ancient origin. In 1574, Ralph Rabbards [From the Lansdown MSS.121. See also Letters Illustrative of Science. Edited by J.O. Halliwell, F.R.S. &c. 8 vo. 1841] presented to Queen Elizabeth,through the medium of the venerable Lord Burghley, a list of twenty-five inventions. The 24th is:_" The rarest engine that was ever invented for sea service. A vessel in manner of a galley or galliotte to pass upon the seas and rivers without oars or sail, against wind and tide, swifter than any that ever hath been seen; of wonderful effect both for intelligence, and many other admirable exploits, almost beyond the expectation of man."

William Bourne, in his "Inventions or Devices," published in 1578, most of which he claims to be his own projects, yet acknowledging some to have been borrowed, offers the following in the 19th Device without comment:_" And furthermore you may make a boat to go without oars or sayle, by the placing of certain wheels on the outside of the boat, in that sort, that the arms of the wheels may go into the water, and so turning the wheels by some provision, and so the wheels shall make the boat to go."

This is followed by another application, being the 20th Device:_" And also, they make a water-mill in a boat, for when that it rideth at an anchor, the tide or stream will turn the wheels with great force, and these mills are used in France, &c."

In 1583, proposals were made for 20 different inventions, but the author's name does not appear. The 19th is:_" To make a boat to go fast on the water without oar or saile ;" but this is all we learn of his project. See " Rara Mathematica," edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. &c. 8vo. 1841.

In 1594, Eimund Jentill addressed to Lord Burghley two communications respecting his inventions. The last he names thus:_" A device wonderful strange is also found out, whereby a vessel of burden may easily and safely be guided both against wind and tide." MS. Lansdown, 113, Art. 4; and " Letters on Scientific Subjects," edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. &c. 8vo. 1841.

Cressy Dymock, in his letter published by Hartlib in the " Legacie; or an enlargement of the Discourse of Husbandry," 4to. 1651, describing what he saw at Wicklesen, mentions_" a pretty kind of Pinnace with ordinance, somewhat like a close litter, but flatbottomed; which rowed with wheeles instead of oares, imployed it seemes formerly with admirable successe, for the taking in of Crowland, and which gave me a proofe of what I for many years have thought possible, and of very great use and service, and still think it of unknowne value, if it were skilfully indeed framed, and applyed as it might be." [p. 110.]

Samuel Cotton, on the 28th of January, 1619, obtained a patent for making and erecting mills upon barges or lighters in the river Thames.

David Ramsey and Thomas Wildgoose, on the 17th of January, 1618, patented, among various other inventions, one " to make boats for the carriage of burthens and passengers run upon the water as swift in calms and more safe in storms than boats full sailed in great winds."

David Ramsey includes in his patent of 21st of January, 1630, his invention "to make boats, ships, and barges to go against the wind and tide." -

And Dr. Thomas Grent, on the 20th of July, 1632, patented a plan " for a more speedy passage of calmed ships."

In 1640, Edward Ford, patented his invention, whereby he can make all boats, &c. " go faster against wind and tide than now they use to do, with half the men they have formerly used."

It is stated in " Frier Bacon's discovery of the Miracles of Art, &c." published in 12mo. 1659, that_" It is possible to make engines to sail withal, as that either fresh or salt water vessels may be guided by the help of one man,and made sail with a greater swiftness, than others will which are full of men to help them." Chap. iv. p. 17.

In " Humane Industry," 1661, chap. 10, p. 154, it is noticed_" The ancients had a way to drive their ships without oar or sail, so that they could never be wind bound." And at page 155, it is observed that_ " Scaliger doth aver, that he could make a ship that could steer herself."

Thomas Togood and James Heyes, in 1662, patented their invention for the making of ships to sail without the assistance of wind or tide.

How to make a Sea-caftle or Fortification Cannon-proof, and [and-omitted. P.] capable of a thoufand men, yet failable at pleafure to defend a paffage, or in an hours time to divide it felf into three Ships as fit and trimm'd to fail as before: And even whileft it is a Fort or Caftle they shall be unanimoufly fteered, and effectually be driven by an indifferent ftrong wind.

[A Sea-sailing Fort.] Vitruvius, Vegetius, and many ancient writers supply a variety of schemes to direct an inventor's ingenuity. The idea of such a construction, to divide into three or more sailing vessels is likewise suggested, in many early designs, although no doubt very different in some details. But the peculiarity hitherto unnoticed, of the present invention, consists in the propelling and steering by means of an artificial current of air. It is very clear that the Marquis had discovered some pneumatic mode of propulsion. There is no inconsistency in the idea of the same means being adapted for both steering and propelling alternately. Even within the last few years extensive experiments have been made, in which air-pumps were used to compress the air beneath an inclined plane under the stern, which in flowing upwards gave motion to the vessel.

How to make upon the Thames a floting Garden of pleafure, with Trees, Flowers, Banquetting-Houfes, and Fountains, Stews for all kind of fishes, a referve for Snow to keep Wine in, delicate Bathing places, and the like; with mufick made with [by-for with. MS. and P.] Mills: and all in the middeft of the ftream, where it is moft rapid.

[A pleasant floating Garden.] There appears to be little more invention here than in the contrivance of so much variety, and the selecting of " the stream where it is most rapid," to give motion to the water-mills to work the bellows for producing the promised music; as well as to raise water high enough to obtain a pressure of it for making the snow. The whole offers one of those raree-show designs in which our great-grandfathers delighted, and the descriptions of which formed the staple of their scientiilc discussions in polite society.

An Artificial Fountain, to be turned like an Hour-glafs by a child, in the twinkling of an eye, it [yet-for it. MS. and P.] holding great quantity [quantities. P.] of water, and of force sufficient to make fnow, ice and thunder, with a [the-for a. MS. and P.] chirping and finging of birds, and fhewing of feveral shapes and effects usual to Fountains of pleafure.

Kircher, Schottus, and others give descriptions, with engravings of fountains, having the external appearance of the hour-glass. The process of turning may have been facilitated by the machine resting on two central pivots. But it must have been of considerable size to produce an efficient hydraulic pressure engine to give forth snow and ice. The thunder, &c., would depend on plans well understood for producing stage effects, and their introduction here, with the music of birds, &c. [see Article 46.] is similar to other automatic arrangements which were the wonder and delight of that age, and a much later period.

In 1755, an engine of peculiar construction, to raise water from an Hungarian mine, was erected by M. Hoel, at Chemnitz, which generated intense cold as the water and air rushed out together, under great columnar pressure, causing the formation of artificial hail, projected with amazing force; the effect being very analogous to the suggestions offered by the present articles, Nos. 17 and 18.

A little engine within a Coach, whereby a child may ftop it, and fecure all perfons within it, and the Coachman himfelf, though the horfes be never fo unruly [and running.] in a full career; a child being sufficiently capable to loofen [unloose. P.] them in what pofture foever they should have put themfelves, turning never fo short; for a child can do it in the twinkling of an eye.

The second reading is in his patent of 1661, (see Appendil; B.) wherein he offers:_"To make an engine applicable to any coach, by which a child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach, and even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so unruly, the child being able in the twinkling of an eye to loosen them from the coach, in what posture soever they draw or turn, be it ever so short, or to either hand." By means of a T-ended lever, two or four bolts could be simultaneously drawn inwards, and the horses thereby released with the greatest possible ease and certainty.

How to raife water conftantly with two Buckets onely day and night, without any other force then its own motion, using not fo much as any force, wheel, or fucker, nor more pullies then one, on which the cord or chain rolleth with a [Bucket faftened at each end.] This, I confefs,[confess to have seen] I have feen and learned [in the great Mathematician's study, Clauius at Rome] of the great Mathematician Claudius [Claudius] [Clavius's Studies at Rome] his ftudies at Rome, he having made a Prefent thereof unto a Cardinal; and I desire not to own any other mens [man's. MS. and P.] inventions, but if I fet down any, to nominate likewife the inventor.

[A Bucket-fountain.] In the present and preceding articles the water is elevated by means of buckets, and it was only while these pages were passing through the press that the author perceived those precise marks of distinction between the two methods of employing the buckets which enables him now to offer the following explanation of each.

As regards No. 20, it seems, at first, absurd to expect to raise water which is to be in a balance and pass from one bucket to the other. But let us suppose an arrangement, as in the subjoined engraving, where A, B, is a strong vertical wooden frame carrying six metal or wooden pipes C, C, which can be moved simultaneously Up and down on centres, a, a, being connected by the iron rods, b, b; these pipes are united with the top of six buckets at D D', and with the bottom of six other buckets at E, E'. The buckets D, D', are also connected at the bottom with six other pipes F, F, each open at the end F, F, and so arranged that the topmost pipe passes over a pulley c, but the other five pipes with guide rods d, d, at their ends, enter the top end of the five uppermost buckets on the side E; the pipe F, passing over c, delivers the contents of bucket D, while the lowermost bucket E, is being replenished, "thus the uppermost yielding its water at the same time when the lower most taketh it in." In the present position of the machine the pipes C,C, are inclined, and the pipes F, F' are horizontal, but when the bucket E is elevated, then these pipes will all reverse their positions, being connected with the buckets by means of flexible leather hose, or suitable jointed metal tubing.We have next to consider the present article No. 21. The conditions stated require the use of but one pulley, one cord, and two buckets, without any "force" or pump plunger, or " any wheel, or sucker." An arrangement so simple seems only possible to be attained by some such plan as that exhibited in the illustration given below. We have here an endless chain or cord, a b, passing over the pulley C, with a bucket D, at the upper end; and another bucket E, at the lower end; the first in the act of discharging its contents into the trough G, the second re-charging with water at the level E. This endless chain is further supplied with a series of conical or other shaped buckets, a, á, set on the endless cord in a reverse direction, so as to receive water conveyed from an upper stream by the spout F, by which means the side B, of the cord will descend, and the side A, ascend, "without any other force than its own motion," and that "with two buckets only, day and night." ON the side á the conical buckets reverse and empty themselves, thereby lightening the ascending side A, of the endless chain or cord.

[An ebbing and flowing River] In reference to this invention Mr. Partington has quoted Peter Bogaerts' ingenious method of a canal lock, so contrived that, in a model, a weight of seven pounds was made to raise ten hundred weight of water more than four feet in a few seconds.

But still the process of ebbing and flowing is not made out; it does appear, however, that its operation requires the constant services of a boy or other attendant, probably to keep alternately opening and closing certain sluice arrangements, placed somewhere concealed from view; the whole affording a waterwork to amuse and surprise, and forming a variety on the usual strange schemes attached to grottos, caves, &c. spouting water in every variety of form.

See further the comments on article No. 57, which very probably includes the principle here employed by the Marquis.

There is no communication in this article of facts requisite to direct an engineer or inventor in the adjustment of any special kind of machinery to obtain the desired ebbing and flowing river; which is a novelty, in this respect, peculiar to the Marquis of Worcester's ingenuity. He was evidently not copying or improving any anterior system of water-work. The next article is but an application of this new system; and it is not until he has taken us through descriptive hints of thirty-three totally different designs or devices, that in No. 57, he offers "A constant water-flowing and ebbing motion." We think the three may be taken together, that is, No. 57, refers to the principle and mechanism, of which Nos. 22 and 23, are mere simple applications. Thus, referring to what we have stated under No. 57, the purpose named in the present article might be attained by means of two domed or bell-shaped vessels, placed like gasometers, but otherwise immoveable, partially immersed in a pond, or other artificial piece of water; which being arranged so that, by admitting a steam pipe into each, the contained air could be driven out thereby, condensation would naturally follow, or might be accelerated; and one vessel immediately filling with water, while the other was emptying, the surface of the pond or river would be kept in a continual state of agitation, and the water might be said to " ebb and flow constantly, though 20 feet over."

No reason is assigned for proposing this modidcation of water work, no advantage is pointed out, the Marquis doubtless depending on its apparent impossibility for its exciting and stimulating inquiry. He knew how the promulgation of such a wonder would have affected his own mind, and never imagined but that the public would feel equally inquisitive. His incomprehensible truths are, however, often denounced, without investigation, as though they were false.

To fet a Clock in[as within a. MS and P.] a Caftle, the [and the.] water filling the Trenches about it ;[about it shall show the hours, minutes, and seconds by ebbing] it [which-for it. P.] fhall shew by ebbing and flowing the Hours, Minutes and Seconds, and all the comprehenflble motions of the Heavens, and Counterlibation [counterlibration] of the Earth, according to Copernicus. [An ebbing and flowing Castle-clock.] John Bate, in his "Mysteries of Nature and Art," 1635, at p. 45 describes_"A water-clock, or a glasse showing the hour of the day," by three different arrangements.
This article is further noticed in commenting on No. 57.

How to increafe the ftrength of a Spring to fuch an height,[degree-for height. P.] as to fhoot Bumbaffes and Bullets of an hundred pound weight a Steepleheight, and a quarter of a mile off and more, Stone-bow-wife, admirable for Fire-works and aftonishing of befieged Cities, when without warning given by noife they find themfelves fo forcibly and dangeroufly furprifed.

[A Strength-increasang Spring.] The technical term BUMBASSES, or probably bombasses, here used, has escaped the attention of all compilers of Archaic Dictionaries. By the context we may presume it was applied to the large stones usually fired from bombards, and differing only from bullets in these last being made of lead or iron.

Ancient cannon appear to have consisted of two kinds; a large one for discharging stones, called a Bombard, and a lesser one for darts. In 1388, a stone bullet, weighing 195 pounds, is related, according to Meyrick, to have been discharged from a Bombard, called the Trevisan. Such stone missiles may have been of the kind called by the Marquis " bumbasses," and wonld be perhaps more properly named bombasses.

The Stone-bow was the Prodd; probably the Slurbowe was furnished with a barrel through a slit' in which the string slided, when the trigger was pulled. Three kinds are mentioned by Du Cange. See Fosbroke's Encyclopædia of Antiquities, 8vo. 1840.

Bishop Wilkins, treating on Catapultee in his Mathematicall Magick, 1648, observes that their usual form was " after the manner of great bows placed on carriages, and wound up by the strength of several persons ;" adding: " These were sometimes framed for the discharging of two or three arrows together."

As the Marquis wrote the Century in 1655, only seven years after Wilkins' publication, it is not at all unlikely that he seriously contemplated the contriving of a most useful warlike implement; and this appears the more reasonable when we find the worthy and learned prelate advancing, as it appeared to him, cogent reasons in his 19th chapter, in favour of the " Military offensive engines used amongst the ancients," as compared to cannon; gravely summing up his observations with the remark_" that the force of these Engines does rather exceed than come short of our gun-powder inventions." Then again on the ground of expense he shows an advantage in favour of Ballistæ and Catapultæ. Thus: "the price of these gun-powder instruments is extremely expensive." This is proved from " a whole Cannon weighing commonly 8,000 pounds, a half Cannon 5,000, a Culverin 4,500, a Demi-culverin 3,000," which " must needs be very costly," amounting " to several hundred pounds," for which sum " at least 10 of the ancient timber made engines might be purchased"!

Then their transport was a serious matter, for " a whole Cannon does require at the least 90 men, or 16 horses," and so in proportion for others. But the timber made engines are light, and their " materials to be found everywhere."

Then the gun-powder is costly; "a whole Cannon requiring for every charge 40 pound of powder, and a bullet of 64 pounds," and in proportion for lesser cannon; whereas those other engines may be charged only with stones. So that only for the superior force of cannon "those ancient inventions" he conceives to be " much more commodious than these later inventions."

Among questions propounded and agreed upon, in January, 1660, to be sent to Teneriffe by the Lord Brouncker and Mr. Boyle, the fifth was,_"Try the power of a stone bow, or other spring, both above and below (the hill), and note well the difference."_Weld's Hist. Royal Society, Vol. i. p. 98.

How to make a Weight that cannot take up an hundred pound, and yet fhall take up two hundred pound, and [and-omitted.] at the felf-fame diftance from the Centre; and fo proportionately to millions of pounds.

[A double-drawing Engine for weights.] The articles Nos. 25, 27, and 29 can only be taken as descriptive of elucidatory models, demonstrative of the applications of a certain principle, the result of condensation. For some unaccountable reason there has been a prevalent opinion that the Marquis was ignorant of condensation. If such an opinion is grounded on his not expressly alluding to it in the " (Century," then by the same rule it might be doubted whether he understood anything about steam! But as the " Century" was written to remind himself, and not to inform others of the modus operandi; it was sufficient for his purpose to particularise only the results. We can usually distinguish where he treads a beaten track, the result of reading, and where his course deviates into his "fire-water-work" experiments. The former generally has its parallel in some old author; but when the same rule is attempted to be applied to measure the others, we find we are dealing either with a new order of things, or else with sheer paradoxes of the most chimerical character. While, on the other hand, follow him in his own new track of experimental research, and we are rewarded at every step with a full and clear exposition of the wonderfully ingenious processes of inquiry by which he attained the perfection ascribed by him to his " Water-commanding Engine."

In the present article it is required that a weight shall take up double its own weight, not by the old rule of leverage, but " at the self-same distance

The Venetian arrangement may be described, as shown in the annexed engraving, where A, B, C, is a

frame, the two upright sides of which D E, are provided with a series of clicks, appearing in the drawing like the serrated edge of a saw, and each is so placed secured by a pin on which it moves, as always to incline to fall outwards. F, F, is a long lever, having a stout short cross bar in the centre, and is represented on the point of taking up on a click at a, while it leaves one on the opposite b, such being the to and fro motion required thereby losing "no time in motion or strength."

A way to remove to and fro huge weights with a moft inconfiderable ftrength from place to place. For example, Ten Tunne with ten pounds, and lefs; the faid ten pounds not to fall lower then it makes the ten Tunne to advance or retreat upon a Level.

[A most easie level Draught.] The weight is in this case to be moved " with a most inconsiderable strength." Ten pounds, or less, are to be capable of moving 22,400 pounds. And the precise conditions are_" the said ten pounds not to fall lower than it makes the ten ton to advance." The annexed engraving shows, as in No. 25, two cylinders B, C, with their steam-pipe and valve at A, having above a platform
on which is a loaded truck F, attached by a cord a, at one end passing over a pulley, and the drum wheel D, to the piston B; and a second cord at the other end passing over a pulley at à, attached in like manner to the other piston C. Steam having been admitted to B, on its condensation the piston descending draws along with it the weighted truck F, while the piston C, ascends, drawing in air at E.

We thus attain the strict letter of the conditions set down, the fall and the advance being equal.

A Bridge portable in [upon a] a Cart with six horfes, which in a few hours time may be placed over a River half a mile broad, whereon with much expedition may [there may be] be tranfported Horfe, Foot and Cannon.

[A portable Brdge.] The great painter, Leonardo da Vinci, born in 1452, and who died at 67 years of age in 1520, was a man of singularly inventive talent. Among his other projects, he declares:_" I have the means of constructing light bridges, easy of carriage, and equally adapted to pursue or escape an enemy, secure from fire; and as easy to remove as to replace; and also the means of destroying those of the enemy." See an interesting Memoir of him by J. W. Brown. 12mo. 1828.

Bourne's 94th Device promises, "How you may make a bridge upon a sudden, that a whole army of men and their carriages may pass over any river or haven, if that it be of not too great breadth."_See his Inventions or Devices, 1578.

Sir Hugh Plat, in his "Jewel House of Art and Nature," 1653 shows, in article No. 22, " How to erect or build over any brook, or small river, a cheap and wooden bridge of 40 or 50 feet in length, without fastening any timber work within the water "

A portable Fortification able to contain five hundred fighting men, and yet [yet-omitted] in fix hours time may [able to be-for, may be] be fet up, and made Cannon-proof, upon the rlde of a River or Pafs, with Cannon mounted upon it, and as complete as a regular Fortification, with Half-moons and Counterfcarps

[A moveable Fortification.] Vegetius, in "De re militari," 1535, offers many similar schemes but less ambitious than the present one; which is, after all, little if any more than an extension and improvement on what had previously been more or less practiced.

In his "Naturæ simia seu technica," dated 1618, Robert Fludd, at page 421, gives a folio engraving of a triangular fort, with six pieces of cannon and three gunners. It appears to be on wheels, and is pushed along by a beam running on three wheels, having four horses yoked to it; literally the cart before the horse.

A way in one nights time to raife a Bulwork twenty or thirty foot high, Cannon- proof, and Cannon mounted upon lt, with men to overlook, command and batter a Towne; for though it contain but four Pieces, they fhall be able to difcharge two hundred Bullets each hour.

[A Rising Bulwork.] Grose, in his " Military Antiquities," Vol. I. page 385, notices a moveable tower, the use of which was revived by the Royalists in their attack on GIoucester, during the Civil War.

In 1644, Edmond Felton, gentleman, published a pamphlet entitled, " Engins invented to save blood and moneys ;" the nature of which he " discovered unto the Committee for the fortifications of the City of London." The Honourable Major General Skippon attested in respect of it, that the engine " was of three tiers of ten muskets in a tier, to shoot arrows withal." The inventor satisfied the Committee, " how an engine will secure the foot from the horse, and the soldiers from musket shot, which engine in fair ways two men may manage at pleasure."

He complains of a piracy of his invention, observing, " There was about twenty of the said engines made at Oxford, and from thence carried to Gloucester, to go up to the walls. And had not his Excellency the Earl of Essex so happily arrived to raise the siege as he did, it was reported by some of the army, the city was in great fear to be taken thereby; most of which said engines the besiegers burnt, because they should not be taken."

In the second volume of " Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis: a collection of scarce and curious tracts, by John Washbourn, jun. Gloucester. 4to. 1825," there is a reprint of " Corbet's Historicall relation of the Military Government of Gloucester, 1645," which contains this passage: " Wherefore besides their mine and battery, they framed great store of those unperfect and troublesome engines to assault the lower parts of the city. Those engines ran upon wheels, with planks musket-proof placed on the axle-tree, with holes for musket-shot and a bridge before it, the end whereof (the wheels falling into the ditch) was to rest upon our breast works." Page 54.

And in the reprint of " A briefe and exact diurnall of the siege before Gloucester, by John Dorney, Esquire, 1643," we meet with the following:_"Munday, September 4. We understood likewise that the enemy had by the direction of that Jesuitticall Doctor Chillingworth, provided great store of engines after the manner of the Romane Testudines cum Pluteis, with which they intended to have assaulted the parts of the city, between the south and west gates. These engines ran upon cart wheeles, with a blinde of plankes musquet proofe, and holes for foure musquetiers to play out of, placed upon the axeltree to defend the musquetiers and those that thrust it forward, and carrying a bridge before it; the wheeles were to fall into the ditch, and the end of the bridge to rest upon our brest-workes, so making severall compleat bridges to enter the city. After the raising of the siege, we tooke all these engines, and brought them into the towne."_Page 225.

In the first volume of this work there is a note on the two preceding passages, in which the editor observes: _" The plan of these machines was borrowed from the ancients. Various contrivances of this kind were also employed in the middle ages, before and for a considerable time after the invention of fire-arms. Sometimes they used them for undermining the walls.- At the siege of Ribadavia in Spain, during the reign of Richard II. similar moveable machines were used. See Froissart, viii. c. 26. Such an engine is also mentioned by the Marquis of Worcester in his Century of Inventions."

A way how fafely and fpeedily to make an approach to a Caftle or Town-wall, and over the very Ditch at Noon-day.

[An approaching Blinde.] Vegetius, in "De re militari," 1535, depicts and describes several kinds of these ancient military blinds, screens, and other contrivances and machines for protecting the attacking party. At page 15 he shows a ponderous advancing screen or shield on four wheels, and at two pages further a side view of the same, covering a large body of soldiers. Some have raised, hinged platforms, to be lowered for crossing a ditch.

Grose says:_" The cattus, cat-house, gattus or cat, was a covered shed, occasionally fixed on wheels, and used for covering soldiers employed in filling up the ditch, &c."_Military Antiquities, 4to. 1801.

How to compofe an univerfal Characfer methodical and eafie to be written, yet intelligible in any Language; fo that if an Englifh-man write it in Englifh, a French-man,[man-omitted] Italian, Spaniard, Irifh, [Irish and] Welfh,[or Welchman. P.] being Scholars; yea, Grecian or Hebritian lhall as perfectly underftand it in their owne Tongue, as if they were perfect[perfect omitted. P.] English, diftinguishing the Verbs from the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenfes and Cafes as properly expreffed in their own Language as it was written in English.

[An universall Character.] In 1668, the Royal Society ordered the printing of " An Essay towards a real Character, and a philosophical language; by John Wilkins, D. D. Dean of Ripon, and F. R. S.," folio. It is dedicated to the president, William Lord Viscount Brouncker, and consists of a treatise of 454 pages, to which is appended a dictionary of 155 pages. The very extent of such a work is almost fatal to its acceptance and we must admit that it is questionable whether with all its learning and ingenuity, it affords a single hint calculated to promote the intended object.

In relation to this subject, the reader, desirous of enlarged information, could not do better than consult the recently published "Lectures on the Science of Language," by Professor Max Müller, M. A.

It would be highly interesting to possess any clue whatever to the ideas of the Marquis on this subject. He was so truthful in his statements, that he must have made a considerable advance in the discovery of means for obtaining the end proposed, although he may have over-estimated its application, according to our judgment.

Of early publications on this topic we would especially notice, "Le Caractere universel, par lequel toutes Nations peuvent comprendre les conceptions l'une de l'autre en lisant par une escriture commune, à toutes leur propre langage maternelle. Par Cave Beck. M.A." London, 1657, 12mo. Also "Joh. J. Becheri Spirensis character, pro Notitia Linguarum Universali . " Francfort,1661. And "Ars signorum, vulgo character universalis et lingua philosophica," by Georgius Dalgarno: a small 12 mo. volume in Latin. 1661.

A system of a universal alphabet has been recently proposed for telegraphic purposes, by means of which it is believed all the sounds of the human speech may be recorded and transmitted; mastering all the sounds which the human voice is capable of uttering in any language. The proposed scheme is even said to have been severely tested by many eminent linguists. It is to be hoped that the announced discovery will be found to realize all it promises, and remunerate the ingenious inventor.

To write with a Needle and Thred, white, or any [any other] colour upon white, or [or upon] any other [other-omitted] colour, fo that one ftitch shall fignificantly shew any letter, and as readily and [and as. MS. and P.] as eafily shew the one letter as the other, and fit for any Language.

34.

By thefe three Senfes as perfectly, diftinctly and unconfufedly, yea as - readily as by the fight.

How to vary each of thefe, fo that ten thoufand may know them, and yet[yet-omitted] keep the underftanding part from any but their Correfpondent.

[A variation of all and each of these.] We have here ten Alphabets, concluding with a variation on each, which, had it been given, would have at least increased the number to twenty, but that was by no means the limit. Cipher Alphabets are the least interesting portion of the " Century ;" we imagine we trace in them some of the Marquis's earliest studies, and fancy that later in life they were retained from fond recollections of the past.

These secret methods of corresponding are no longer of any service, and have no interest beyond what may attach to them in connection with the history of shorthand writing, wherein the object is rather dispatch than secrecy. Among early writers on the art of Senigraphy, and Stenography, are Bright, 1588, Bales 1590, Arnold Bostius, Trithemius 1600, Willis 1618, Dix 1633, Wilkins 1641, Cartwright 1652, Rich 1654,Falconer ("The Art of Secret Information,") 1685, with others.

John Baptista Porta, a Neapolitan of considerable eminence, born 1445, and who died in 1515, wrote " De Occultis Literarium Notis, Libri quinque," Argent. 1608, octavo, in which he gives no less than 180 different methods of secret writing.

The learned and ingenious Bishop Wilkins in 1641, published his " Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger."

Of line alphabets he says_" Who would mistrust any private news or treachery to lie hid in a thread, wherein there was nothing to be discerned, but sundry confused knots or other the like marks?" It is, however, easily effected by each party having like tablets marked at top with the alphabet, and having hooks down each side for the passing and holding of a thread worked backwards and forwards in which action it is to have a knot made on it for the desired letter above; making altogether words and sentences.

Chapter 6, is on " Secret writing with the common letters, by changing of their places."

In chapter 11, " Of writing by invented characters," he says: " There have been some other inventions of writing by points, or lines, or figures."

Chapter 13 is," concerning an universal character that may be legible to all nations and languages," concluding with observations on "The benefit and possibility of this."

In chapter 17, we are told " of secret and swift informations by the species of sound." Among others he names " Bells," as a species which " may be a sufficient means, whereby to communicate the thoughts;" and in chapter 18, he treats "concerning a language that may consist only of tunes and musical notes, without any articulate sound." And lastly, in chapter 2O, we have " Of informations by significatory fires and smokes."

Amang the " variations" the sense of Seeing may be employed, as proposed by Sir Hugh Plat in his " Jewel House of Art and Nature," 1653, in which he describes " How to speak by signs only without uttering of any word"_using the fingers and motions with them and the hands, which he calls a " conceited alphabet."_ Page 41.

Those who are curious in such matters, may see more at large in Dr. W. Hooper's Rational Recreations, ed. 1794 8vo. different methods of writing in cipher, commencing at p. 143, of 1st Vol._thus:_

To communicate intelligence by a pack of piquet cards._The musical dial._The corresponding spaces. _The musical cipher._Rules for deciphering._Example of a cipher written in arbitrary characters, and the words separate from each other._Visual correspondence; and, Correspondence by bells.

To make a Key of a Chamber door, which to your fight hath its Wards and Rofe-pipe but Paperthick, and yet at pleasure in a minute of an hour fhall become a perfect Piftol, capable to fhoot through a Breft-plate commonly of Carabineproof, with Prime, Powder and Firelock, undifcoverable in a ftrangers hand.

[A Key-Pistol.] This mere piece of ingenuity, so pleasing to certain mechanics in working out mechanical trinkets, might be effected by causing the removal of the key handle to expose a sufficiently strong pistol barrel, while the " rose pipe but paper thick" would answer to receive, and perform the office of retaining the key handle securely, by which to hold it while firing this key-pistol. The next part of the contrivance would be, to make the "wards" serve to conceal the pistol pan, cock, &c. The description is well calculated to mislead the reader, under the impression that the barrel itself is "but paper-thick."

45.

[A most conceited Tinder-box.] The following note from "Humane Industry," 1661, appears highly suggestive of such an instrument,although the Marquis's invention is more elaborate. " Andrew Alciat the great Civilian of France, had a kind of Clock in his chamber, that should awake him at any hour of the night that he determined, and when it struck the determined hour, it struck fire likewise out of a flint, which fell among tinder, to light him a candle: it was the invention of one Caravagio of Sienna in Italy."

How to make an artificial Bird to fly which way and as long as one pleafeth, by or against the wind, fometimes chirping, other times hovering, ftill tending the way it is designed for.

[An artificial Bird.] The third article in his list of a portion of his inventions supplies a different reading, thus: "By this (his 'quint-essence of motion') I can make an artificial bird to fly which way, and as long as I please." [Appendix A.]

The Marquis, not to be behind the curious and ingenious men of ancient times, has here and in article No. 18, emulated John Muller of Nuremberg, better known as Regiomontanus, who was born in 1436. He is celebrated for this species of rara avis; a selfmoving and flying eagle, and an iron fly have afforded much matter for romantic and no doubt exaggerated accounts of their performances; the one flying a good way in the open air and returning; the other flying from the philosopher round a table and coming back to his hand. He evinced a genius of the first order as a great inventor, and also as a promoter of the advancement of science.

In Ramelli's great work on various machines, folio, 1588, the 187th figure offers a detailed representation of a handsomely furnished apartment, in which a large carved sideboard sustains a gigantic vase containing a flowering shrub, in the branches of which six birds appear in the act of singing. The vase being a sectional drawing, various pipes can be seen, also the performer behind, who is blowing through a single pipe into the body of the vase.

But the highly popular work of Hero of Alexandria promulgated several similar schemes. He shows how to make an artificial bird sing alternately sing and be silent. See Mr. Woodcroft's handsome edition of Hero's Pneumatics, 4to. 1851.

William Bourne, also, in his " Inventions or Devices," 1578, treats of " birds of wood or metal made by art to fly," and of others, " to sing sweetly at certain hours appointed."

Bate, in his " Mysteries of Nature and Art," 1635, treats, at page 24, " How to make that a bird sitting on a basis, shall make a noise, and drink out of a cup of water, being held to the mouth of it;" and further, " Advice whereby several voices of birds chirping may be heard."

So again Isaac De Caus' in his " Rare Inventions of Water Works," folio, 1659, at page 20, gives instructions_" To counterfeit the voice of small birds by means of water and air." And in Plate XIV. "To represent divers birds which shall sing diversly when an owl turns towards them; and when the said owl turns back again they shall cease their singing."

These later examples show that the Marquis, was neither altogether original nor singular in attempting improvements in these automatic toys, which from the time of Hero of Alexandria were accounted sufficiently wonderful evidence of mechanical ingenuity to attract the serious attention of even the most talented engineers of the last century. Of such mechanical achievements of the ingenious a full account may be read in Montucla's edition of Ozanam's " Mathematical Recreations."

The Marquis, if he ever perused the little treatise just quoted, would be keenly alive to the truthfulness of the remark that_" it is none of the meanest discouragements, that any strange inventions are so generally derided by common opinion, being esteemed only as the dreams of a melancholy and distempered fancy; for that saying of Virgil "Demens qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen," &c.

" hath been an old censure applied unto such as ventured upon any strange or incredible attempt."_See Math. Magick, 1648, p. 198.

The Rev. Dr. Powell, in the last chapter of his "Humane Industry," 1661, treats of various minute automata as_" Certain sports and extravagancies of art," for which he offers an ingenious apology, observing: "As nature hath her ludicra, so art hath hers too; that is, some pretty knacks that are made, not so much for use, as to show subtilty of wit, being made de Gaieté de Coeur, and for pastime as it were; yet the workmanship and elegancy of these may justly deserve admiration;" concluding_" art, as well as nature, is never more wonderful than in smaller pieces." After describing small chains, locks, chariots, ships, clocks, and insects, he remarks:_" though these knacks are but little useful, and take up more time than needed to be lost, yet they discover a marvellous pregnancy of wit in the artificers; and may be experimentaenta lucifera, if not frugifera hints of greater matters."

It will not appear strange to find the inventor of the steam engine engaged toying with an artificial bird, an imprisoning chair, a brazen head, or a riding horse,when it is remembered that for a hundred years later such automata were highly prized by the nobility and gentry, and proved extemely lucrative to the public exhibitors of such mechanical imitations of life. M. Vaucanson's inventions were of this chararcter, attracting admiring audiences among the learned and the vulgar, on the Continent and in England. A learned society received his communication in Paris, while in London it had the unquestionable honour of being translated by Dr. Desaguliers, who says in his preface, " In giving this paper an English dress, I am still acting in my province, which has been for many years to explain the works of art, as well as the phenomena of nature;" and his translation is given under the following elaborate title:_

"An account of the mechanism of an automaton or image playing on the German Flute: as it was presented in a memoire to the gentlemen of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. By M. Vaucanson, Inventor and maker of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial Duck, eating, drinking, macerating the food, &c. As also that of another image, no less wonderful than the first, playing on the tabor and pipe; as he has given an account of them since the memoir was written. Translated out of the French original, by J. T. Desaguliers, LL.D., F.R.S., Chaplain to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, 4to. 1742." [24 pages, and an engraved frontispiece.]

[An Hour Water-ball.] The 4th article of his selected list of his inventions supplies the following varied reading:_

" By these (his quintessence of Motion) I can make a ball of silver or gold, which thrown into a pail, or poole of water, shall arise again to the perfect hour of any day or night. The superficies of the water shall still show the hour distinctly; even the minutes, if I please." See Appendix A.

Many curious specimens of these Horologies occur in the description of M. Grollier de Servière's cabinet, published 1719.

A fcrued Afcent, inftead of Stairs, with fit landing places to the beft Chambers of each Story, with Backftairs within the Noell [Noell, in the MS.] of it, convenient for Servants to pafs up and down to the inward Rooms of them unfeen and private.

[A scru'd ascent of Stairs.] This title does not strictly agree with the text, for there is a material difference between " a screwed ascent, instead of stairs," and a screwed ascent of stairs;" the former altogether dispenses with stairs, giving the idea of an inclined ascent without steps, such as is employed in the construction of the Observatory of Copenhagen; the width being sufficient and the ascent so gradual, that a carriage and four may easily be driven up to the top circular gallery.

According to this improvement there are "back-stairs within the noell, that is, the Noel, Nowel, Nooyau, or Newell, a term applied to the centre round which the stairs of a circular staircase wind, and which may be either a solid column, or an open space. Such stairs are said to be neweled.

The great labour and expense bestowed on some kinds of staircases is well exemplified by Evelyn in his tour of France, who describes going to Blois, in 1664, and seeing there a palace built by Francis the First, the staircase of which, consisting of 274 steps, is mentioned by Palladio; he notices it as a wonderful piece of work, from its construction having occupied 1800 workmen during twelve years. "The stayre-case (he says) is devised with four entries or ascents, which cross one another, so that though four persons meet, they never come in sight, but by small loopholes, till they land." _Memoirs of John Evelyn, 2nd edit. 4to. vol. i. page 59.

[A Tobacco-tongs Engine.] The designation here given, when published in 1663, was doubtless generally understood, but the smallness of the " engine," its very nature, and not less, its long discontinuance of use now renders the passage obscure. It so happens, however, that a scientific experiment, in which this humble instrument was employed by the Honourable Robert Boyle, has preserved, for our information in this matter, the true figure of the " tobacco-tongs." In the 3rd Volume of Boyle's Works, folio, published in 1744,is recorded his pneumatical experiments on the falling of bodies in vacuo. Treating of "New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the air," illustrated by the well-known experiment of dropping at the same time a guinea and a feather within an exhausted glass receiver, he says: " We so fastened a small pair of tobacco-tongs to the inside of the receiver's brass cover, that by moving a turning key, we might by a string tied to one part of them open the tongs, which else their own spring would keep shut."

[A Pocket-ladder.] There are many curious and ingenious designs for portable scaling ladders, offered by Vegetius in " De Re miilitari," 1535, but which would require to be very considerably modified to become pocketable; however, they occur in every variety at page 35, in short pieces, each with a screw at one end, and a socket at the other; at p. 59, as a neat rope ladder; at p. 113, on the principle of the Iazy- tongs; and at p. 162, a method of connecting short poles is exhibited.

Robert Fludd, in the second book of his works, published in 1617 and 1618, folio, page 414, gives a large copper-plate engraving of a very ingenious form of ladder. Each step is of wood, and the two sides of rope. The ingenuity of the invention consists in each step having a ferrule at one end, and the opposite end tapered sufficiently to fit into each ferrule of the adjoining step; by this means the whole can be put together like an ordinary fishing rod, and the top step terminating with a hook, it can easily be attached to any elevated place, and on pulling the pole, each part separates, falling at once into the form of a ladder with rope sides. Bourne's 62nd Device, in his "Inventions, or Devices," 1578, is_" How for to make a scaling ladder."

Van Etten, 1653, gives for his 111th Problem, "To make a Ladder of Cords, which may be carried in ones pocket:by which one may easily mount up a wall, or tree alone." It consists simply of two pulleys, with " a cord of an half inch thick (which may be of silk, because it is for the pocket)," having a staff at one end to sit upon. The author gravely concludes, " This secret is most excellent in warre, and for lovers, its supportablenesse avoids suspition." See page 248.

Among Friar Bacon's inventions, the following is recorded in the fourth chapter of his " Discovery of the Miracles of Art, Nature and Magick," 12mo. published in 1659:_" It is possible to invent an Engine of a little bulk, yet of great efficacy, either to the depressing or elevation of the very greatest weight; which would be of much consequence in several accidents; for hereby a man may either ascend or descend any walls, delivering himself or comrades from prison; and this engine is only three fingers high and four broad."

51.

[A Rule of Gradation.] Probably some scheme which appeared to be capable of indefinite multiplication, the object of the secret correspondent always being to elude the utmost skill of an expert decipherer. Twenty-six lines of 26 letters of the alphabet each, would form a square; and supposing the letters placed in different order on each line, we might produce 26 linear alphabets, and 26 columnar alphabets; or change these by diagonal or other lines. These, and similar variations appear interminable, but it is questionable whether they would not delay rather than defy detection.

52.

How to fignifie words and a perfect Difcourse by [by the] jangling of [of the.] Bells of any Parish-CHurch, or by an Mufical Inftrument within hearing, in a feeming way of tuning it; or of an unfkilful beginner.

[A mysticall jangling of Bells.] There occurs at page 185, of Van Etten's Math. Recreat. 1653, among the several heads of Problem 84, "Of changes in Bells." He inquires: "Is it not an admirable thing to consider how the skill of numbers doth easily furnish us with the knowledge of mysterious hidden things?" He says: "It is often debated- what number of changes there might be made in 5, 6, 7, 8, or more bells;" observing thereone, "that a childe which can but multiply one number by another, may easily resolve it." Not only have we here a kindred subject discussed, but also in language very analogous to that employed by the Marquis, particularly in the use of the words "mysterious," "admirable," and "a child;" the latter being a favourite similitude.

53.

[An hollowiny of a Water-scrue.] This was probably no more than an ingenious piece of carpentry, to obtain an object which was then most likely of considerable importance. Three of his inventions refer to the Archimedian screw, so that the Marquis seems to have given the subject more than ordinary attention.

54.

[A transparent Water-scrue.] This invention does not appear to be offered as one of any other use than for pleasure and instruction, to " see the water or any heavy thing, how and why it mounteth by turning." Was it not by such models that he had early informed his own mind?

If the transparent covering was not to be glass or horn, the Marquis may have used the material proposed by Sir Hugh Plat in his " Jewel House of Art and Nature," 1653, in which is given, at page 72, a recipe " To make parchment clear and transparent to serve for divers purposes. This I commend, (he says) before oiled paper, because it is more lasting"_when employed for windows.

55.

[A double Water-scrue.] The arrangement of this simple invention is so clearly and amply set forth, that it is a wonder it could ever have been misunderstood; yet it so baffled Mr. Partington, that he c]asses it among " extraordinary sleight of hand discoveries."

M. Pattu, a French engineer, in 1815, published his account of a double water-screw of this description which he had invented, capable of being applied in three different ways, the construction, however, in all being the same. In one arrangement, the enlarged end of the screw is about one-eighth part that of the entire length of the internal or lesser screw, and it surrounds the " innermost" screw, the spirals winding in a reversed direction. The top of the shorter or "outermost" screw may be on a level with a stream of water "for it to descend" therein, to promote " the turning of the screw" (of greater length and smaller diameter) " to make the water rise," from a lower stream.

To provide and make that all the Weights of the defcending fide of a Wheel fhall be perpetually further from the Centre, then thofe of the mounting fide, and yet equal in number and heft to[of-for to. MS. and P.]the one rlde as the other. A moft incredible thing, if not feen, but tried before the late king (of [of happy and glorious. MS. and P.] bleffed memory) in the Tower, by my directions, two Extraordinary Embaffadors accompanying His Majefty, and the Duke of Richmond and Duke [of, omitted] Hamilton, with [and-for with] moft [most part] of the Court,attending Him. The Wheel was I4. Foot [feet P.] over, and 40. Weights of 50. pounds apiece. Sir William Balfore,*[Belford. Ms. and P.] then. Lieutenant of the Tower,[and living yet] can juftifie [testify-for justify.P.] it, with feveral others. They all faw, that no fooner thefe great Weights paffed the Diameter-line of the upper [upper-for lower. MS. and P.] fide, but they hung a foot nearer. Be pleafed to judge the confequence. *Among the Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum occurs No. 6176, a MS. volume, containing at folio 16 b, a "Certificate of the Armory in the Tower," signed among others by "W. Balfour," Lietenant of the Tower, "17th Dec. 1640."

[An advantageous change of Centres]

It is difficu]t to reconcile the statement he has here made, with the decIaration on the title page, of his inventions having been "tried and perfected." In this single instance, he Ieaves the reader to " Be pIeased to judge the consequence."

Dr. DesaguIiers, in a memoir, published by the Royal Society, vol. 31, 1720-21, quoting the foregoing article, ventures the reply: "Now the consequence of this, and such like machines [assuming them to be as above described,] is nothing less than a perpetual motion." Of course he does not admit even the possibility of such an arrangements of parts, he only allows that if that could be executed, the other would follow. But Desaguliers admitted too much, for it may easily be demonstrated that the conditions stated may be mechanically produced, without any resulting motion. Let the annexed diagram represent a wheel of 14 feet in diameter,

having 40 spokes, seven feet each, and with an inner rim coinciding with the periphery, at one foot distance, all round. Next provide 40 balls or weights, hanging in the centre of cords or chains two feet long. Now fasten one end of this cord at the top of the centre spoke C, and the other end of the cord to the next right hand spoke one foot below the upper end, or on the inner ring; proceed in like manner with every other spoke in succession; and it will be found, that, at A, the cord will have the position shown outside the wheel; while at B, C, and D, it will also take the respective positions, as shown on the outside. The result in this case will be, that, all the weights on the side A, C, D, hang to the great, or outer circle, while on the side B, C, D, all the weights are suspended from the lesser or inner circle.

And if we reverse the motion of the wheel, turning it from the right hand to the left hand, we shall reverse these positons also, (the lower end of the cord sliding in a groove towards a left hand spoke) but without the wheel having any tendency to move of itself.

His notice of this exhibition was not written by the Marquis until 1655, from 14 to 17 years after its occurrence, and he may have then hesitated to say that it was not a success; but he may have persuaded himself that he was at last in possession of the secret that was at first wanting, Besides, we are not to infer that the company described as being present had gone to the Tower purposely to see the Marquis's wheel; it being far more probable that, Charles the First and the foreign ambassadors were there to view that fortress with all its treasures and curiosities.

According to the state of knowledge in 1663, the Marquis of Worcester was singular in entertaining this subject, and all we can make of the present article is, that he left it open to doubt whether he himself did not consider that his experiment required confirmation. " Perpetuum Mobile; or a history of the search for self-motive power," 1862, is a work which may be taken as an elaborate note on this article, for it was the perusal of it that led the author, to commence the compilation of that work, more than thirty years ago.

Before the publication of the " Century" Samuel Hartlib had, (on the 10th of August, 1658,) written to Mr. Boyle on the subject of a perpetual motion invented by the ingenious and celebrated John Joachim Becher, an account of which was to be printed at Frankfort. _Boyle's Works, fol. 1744 p. 280.

Charles the Second was favoured with the exhibition of another scheme of this sort, by John Evelyn, a Fellow of the Royal Society at the time, and therefore not likely to participate in any matter which the scientific world of his day repudiated. But learned men of his time rather approved of all wonder-working automata than otherwise. Evelyn says in his Diary, under the date of 14th July, 1668, that during an interview with the King:_" I showed his Majesty the perpetual motion sent to me by Dr. Stokes from Cologne."_Vol. ii. p. 37, ed. 1859.

57.

An ebbing and flowing Waterwork in two Veffels, into either of which the water ftending at a level, if a Globe be caft in, inftead of rifing it prefently ebbeth, and fo remaineth untill a like Globe be caft into the other Veffel, which the water is no fooner fenfible of, but [but that the] that [the-for that] Veffel prefently ebbeth, and the other floweth, and fo continueth ebbing and flowing untill one or both of [of-omitted. MS and P.] the Globes be taken out, working fome little effect befides its own motion, without the help of any man within fight or hearing: But if either of the Globes be taken out with ever fo fwift or earle a motion, at [at that instant. P.] the very inftant the ebbing and flowing ceafeth; for if during the [that-for the] ebbing you take out the Globe, the water of that Veffel prefently returneth to flow, and never ebbeth after, until [unless-for until] the Globe be returned into it, and then the motion beginneth as before.

A, B, represents two water tanks or cisterns, permanently connected by thc water-pipe C, and having within, D, D, two perforated shelves or false bottoms; E, is a main steam-pipe, with a four-way steam cock at F, branching into the form shown at G, G' and passing through the bottom of each tank, rises vertically to the level of the false bottoms, where each is supplied with a valve at the top end, to prevent the ingress of water. G', is shown receiving steam from E. H, I, are two hollow metal globes, surmounted with a small crown ornament to conceal a spring valve, to which a floating weight is suspended by a chain, as at X; but floated upwards at X, where it operates to open the spring valve within the crown. In the above diagram, it is obvious that water placed in A, will flow onward to B, and stand at the same level in both cisterns. The valve in each globe requires to be so arranged, that when forced open its spring will prevent its closing until acted on by a weight, which weight must hang to the inside of the valve by means of a chain, and be able to float on the surface of the water, and it will be requisite to adjust the chain to such a length that when the water is at a certain level it shall have no influence on the float-weight of the valve, which will then close.

With this apparatus, the operator can conceal the connection between the two cisterns, and that between the bottoms to admit steam. The water is now seen at the same level in " two vessels," and with a perforated shelf about an inch below the surface of each. We may now find, " if a globe be cast in," the water "instead of rising, it presently ebbeth, and so remaineth," doing nothing further "until a like globe be cast into the other vessel; which the water is no sooner sensible of, but that vessel presently ebbeth, and the other floweth." For it must be observed, the first globe was placed in the centre, over a steam-pipe, its nozzle protected with a valve, and on letting in the steam, being otherwise empty and the valve purposely opened for the escape of steam and air, but which its weight closed as soon as permitted to act, and thereon condensation followed, the water flowed into that vessel, but ebbed in the other. We then insert a second globe, in the second cistern, under like conditions; and as soon as the rising water has opened the top valve of the first globe, this second globe will repeat the operation, " and so continueth ebbing and flowing until one or both the globes be taken out." And this ebbing and flowing, this rising, and these changing heights in the water in the two tanks or cisterns, may easily be adapted for "working some little effect besides its own motion, without the help of any man within sight or hearing," and of course too far off to be the acting agent in such additional " working of some little effect," some see-sawing action, to work automata or like " little effects" for the delectation of the ingenious and the delight of all the lovers of the marvellous. And note " if during the ebbing," when that globe and that cistern is all but empty, " you take out the globe, the water of that vessel presently returneth to flow," showing that the globe thus removed was quite empty; and therefore would be shown as part of the miracle, the same empty globe had been performing such strange motions in the water. But let " the globe be returned (empty as it was before) into it [the cistern], and then the motion beginneth as before."

If we are correct in this conjecture, the principle involved would easily account for the inventions couched in the terms of articles No. 22, An ebbing and flowing river; and No. 23, An ebbing and flowing Castle Clock.

The present article, viewed in any other light than as illustrative of the peculiar properties of the great principle with which he was operating, and which he was incessantly investigating, and varying its applications, is altogether incomprehensible. But it was very natural for him to preserve in this simple but striking form the sure signs of greater applications. In the present example, we have no attempt, in this philosophical demonstrative model, to cater to the popular taste, although the fertile genius of the noble inventor could not permit the suggestion to escape his pen that the rise and the fall of the water might be made to operate_shall we say bellows, mills and the like, and cause birds to chirp, and fountains to play ? Thus " working some little effect besides its own motion" of soberly ebbing and flowing. But this is a mere parenthetical, gratuitous offer to dash the concealed purpose, and give colour to the supposition that it had no higher design. There is generally something to serve for amusement, or to answer some practical purpose, observable in all the 100 articles, but who could assign the use of two globes, in two vessels of water, causing the same to flow and ebb ? Viewed independent of the object here suggested, it bears a most purposeless character; and in no other way than as illustrative of the results of the condensation of steam, set forth in a merely experimental apparatus, can we conceive it possible of receiving either a scientific or any other reasonable explanation.

For adjusting the apparatus it would be necessary to fill the troughs or cisterns until the water was level with the perforated false bottom, and next to add as much more water as would tee equal to the contents of one globe, when the water altogether would cover the false bottoms. The globes should be heavy enough not to overturn either on the admission of the steam, or the expulsion of steam and air from beneath. While steam is entering, the top spring-valve is kept closed by the float-weight, but when condensation commences, the external pressure performs the same duty; so soon, however, as the rising water has elevated the float to the underside of the spring-valve, its pressure against it and the action of the spring, cause it to open, and then the column of water will at once commence descending. As a matter of detail, the float would require a guide rod, or some similar contrivance to direct and keep its course uniformly under the valve, so as to open it.

The whole experiment is one of mere matter of fact and not of excellence. It is simply to develope a principle and not to carry out any express piece of curious workmanship; there is not, therefore, any statement of its possessing surprising qualities, the utmost proposed is "a constant water-flowing and ebbing motion," without any condition as to degree, quantity, or extent of its effect. This and no more would the apparatus here described demonstrate on its trial.

This article of the "Century" strikingly illustrates how truly the Marquis wrote it as he says_" in a way, as may sufficiently instruct me to put any of them in practice;" or, rather to repeat the practice of them, for he has only a line or two before told us, they are such of his inventions as "I can call to mind to have TRIED and PERFECTED;" and what he wrote he meant, let sceptics and superficial critics pervert his words as they may to uphold their own narrow conceits. The reader of articles, Nos. 22 and 23, is informed of effects without the least intimation of a means; he is then amused with springs, weights, levers, portable bridges, fortifications,stenography, keys, automata, stairs, ladders, cochlea, and so forth, to the number of 33 inventions, and then, after losing sight of No. 22, and No. 23, he is invited to examine the machine by which the " ebbing and flowing" effects are produced. All this is perfectly legitimate, but, nevertheless, well worthy of notice, as opening to view the peculiar tact and skill of the writer; and the extreme necessity of exercising cautious judgment in our estimate of "The treasures buried under these heads, both for war, peace, and pleasure."

It is when we refer back to No. 22, that we become convinced, beyond what No. 57 alone might persuade us of, that by no means short of the condensation

How to make a Piftcol to difcharge a dozen times with one loading, and without fo much as once new Priming requifite, or to change it out of one hand into the other, or ftop ones horfe.

[An often-discharging Pistol.] About the year 1575, a description was given of the operation and advantages of a certain newly invented engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets could be discharged from one piece at a time. And it appears that at that period there were in the Tower 200 of the engines and 3000 bullets. _Cal. State Papers, Vol. 106.

About 1580 (?)John the Almain of Walsyngham, recommends one of his countrymen, who had invented an harquebuse, " that shall contain ten balls or pelletes of lead, all the which shall go off, one after another, having once given fire; so that with one harquebuse one may kill ten thieves or other enemies without recharging."_Cal. State Papers, Vol. 146.

Porta, in his "Natural Magick," folio, English edition, 1658, gives an account, in the 12th Book, how " A brass gun once fired, may discharge ten times." He says, " It is a new invention, that a great brass-gun, or hand-gun, may discharge 10 or more bullets one after another without intermission. Make a dark powder, such as I used in the precedent part, and fill it thus:_ First, put in a certain measure of gunpowder, that being put in, may discharge the ball, but a small one, that it may go in loosely, and that the powder put in upon it may come to touch the gunpowder: then pour in this dark powder two or three fingers deep; then put in your gunpowder and your bullet; and thus in order, one after the other, until the gun seems to be full to the very mouth. Lastly pour in some of your dark clammy powder: and when you have levelled your gun to the place appointed, put fire to the mouth of it; for it will cast out the bullets, and then fire for so long time as a man may discharge a hand-gun at divers shoots. find thus with one brass-gun you may discharge many times."-(p. 293.)